Gold Properties

General properties

Name, symbol, number

gold, Au, 79

Element category

transition metal

Group, period, block

11, 6, d

Standard atomic weight

196.966569(4) g·mol−1

Electron configuration

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 (Image)

Physical properties

Phase

solid

Density (near r.t.)

19.30 g·cm−3

Liquid density at m.p.

17.31 g·cm−3

Melting point

1337.33 K1064.18 ° ,C1947.52 ° ,F

Boiling point

3129 K2856 ° ,C5173 ° ,F

Heat of fusion

12.55 kJ·mol−1

Heat of vaporization

324 kJ·mol−1

Specific heat capacity

(25 °C) 25.418 J·mol−1·K−1

Vapor pressure

Atomic properties

Oxidation states

-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(amphoteric oxide)

Electronegativity

2.54 (Pauling scale)

Ionization energies

1st: 890.1 kJ·mol−1

2nd: 1980 kJ·mol−1

Atomic radius

144 pm

Covalent radius

136±6 pm

Van der Waals radius

166 pm

Miscellanea

Crystal structure

Lattice face centered cubic

Magnetic ordering

diamagnetic

Electrical resistivity

(20 °C) 22.14 nΩ·m

Thermal conductivity

(300 K) 318 W·m−1·K−1

Thermal expansion

(25 °C) 14.2 µm·m−1·K−1

Speed of sound (thin rod)

(r.t.) 2030 m·s−1

Tensile strength

120 MPa

Shear modulus

27 GPa

Bulk modulus

180 GPa

Poisson ratio

0.44

Mohs hardness

2.5

Vickers hardness

216 MPa

Brinell hardness

 ? 2450 MPa

CAS registry number

7440-57-5

Most stable isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of gold